November 2007 Archives
Jibber Jabber time at the DCP.
Wow!
That's all I can think of to say. It's not often that I'm left with one word, but the latest headlines make me think I've left the United States of America and have instead entered the Twilight Zone.
First we had Bush, Lieberman, and all the Republicans saying that the surge has been a success.
Then, the headlines proclaimed with glee that the Iraq government had made a deal with the US to have permanent bases in Iraq.
And if that wasn't enough to leave you with your mouth dropping to the floor, and the great big WOW floating across your screen, the latest headlines will do the trick for you.
--Bush's Mideast legacy on the line at peace conference
With this headline, the media has found a way to redeem George Bush. They have introduced the newest-improved-Bush called, "Bushton." You'll recognize Bushton because Bushton suddenly discovered that he needed to protect his legacy much as the neoconservatives claimed Clinton was doing when he committed his last term to bringing peace between Palestine and Israel. So now we have Bushton the diplomat, the forsaker of war, the guardian of peace talks.
Today, the media is doing a lot of backward peddling. Starting with: "Permanent Bases in Iraq may not pass Parliamont." And ending with after 08...(and beyond)
So there you have it.
And you thought they couldn't wow you again!
Reprinted in its entirety for discussion purposes only:
http://chronicle.com/weekly/v54/i14/14a00101.htm
Anthropologists in a War Zone: Scholars Debate Their Role
By DAVID GLENN
Lawrence, Kan.
In 2002, Britt Damon was an Army reservist assigned to guard detainees at the Guantánamo Bay Naval Station. At the time, he had eight years of experience as a military police officer, and he was slowly piling up credits toward a bachelor's degree in criminology.
Guantánamo changed Mr. Damon's plans. While most of his fellow guards treated the detainees in a way that he describes as "professional but cold," Mr. Damon, a pensive, slightly built man, often fell into conversation with them. "One of the Afghans would sit down and recite the poetry he had written," he recalls. "We both knew that I couldn't understand its verbal meaning, but you could understand the emotion and the context."
Mr. Damon wanted to comprehend the cultural forces that had helped lead him and his prisoner to this remote place in the Caribbean. Before he left Cuba, he decided to switch his major to anthropology.
Four years later, Mr. Damon was working as a bar bouncer and taking courses at the University of Kansas when he saw an online notice: The military wanted reservists with social-science backgrounds to join a new program known as the Human Terrain System. The program would give brigade commanders in Iraq and Afghanistan detailed information about local customs, kinship structures, and social conflicts. In the military's jargon, the idea is to assist with "cultural preparation of the battlefield." As Mr. Damon sees it, that means providing military leaders with information to help them make better decisions, and, especially, to help them avoid needless violence.
Early this year, Mr. Damon landed in southeast Afghanistan as a member of one of the first experimental Human Terrain Teams. He also landed in the middle of a debate that has roiled his adopted field of anthropology.
Critics of the Human Terrain System say that armed anthropologists in military uniforms cannot possibly be getting voluntary informed consent — a principle at the core of the discipline's code of practice — from their research subjects. They also worry that the program will directly or indirectly help the military select particular neighborhoods or people for attack.
David H. Price, an associate professor of anthropology at Saint Martin's University who is one of the program's most visible critics, says he fears that the new program might someday help the Iraqi or Afghan government conduct immoral scorched-earth counterinsurgency campaigns. (In 1970 several American anthropologists were accused of assisting the government of Thailand with such campaigns.)
Some critics go further, arguing that the U.S. presence in Iraq and Afghanistan is illegitimate and that the Human Terrain Teams are helping prepare the countries for neocolonial rule, in an echo of the imperial-flavored anthropology of the early 20th century.
At this week's annual meeting of the American Anthropological Association, in Washington, a special committee is expected to release a set of ethical guidelines for scholars who work with military and intelligence agencies. The association's executive board has already released a statement formally disapproving of anthropologists' participation in the Human Terrain System, and the association has — at least temporarily — stopped accepting recruitment advertisements for the program.
But despite the intense scrutiny, many elements of the human-terrain effort remain little-understood. How do brigade leaders actually make use of the teams' analyses? How will the data be used over the long term? And what exactly is the social-science component of the program? If the Human Terrain Teams are establishing rapport with local populations and learning about social conflicts, doesn't that simply replicate the traditional work of the army's civil-affairs and intelligence teams?
At a workshop this month at Kansas' Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics, three members of Mr. Damon's team joined three social scientists to discuss the human-terrain program's future. Their meeting suggested that the program is still rapidly evolving, and it may be years before the public has a full picture of how the military is attempting to put social-science knowledge to use.
Anthropology on the QT
"Our goal was to look at the culture of the military and at the culture of the Afghans, at how they see themselves," says Mr. Damon, who now works at Fort Leavenworth, 35 miles from the Kansas campus, as a civilian contractor recruiting and training members of the Human Terrain Teams. His employer is BAE Systems, an aerospace company that holds a major contract to support the Human Terrain System. He is also still taking courses at Kansas and expects to complete his bachelor's degree in May.
Mr. Damon and his colleagues have a lot of work ahead of them: By July the Army plans to deploy 22 nine-person teams in Iraq and another four teams in Afghanistan. Only six teams are on the ground today. Each team will have a leader with extensive military experience, two social scientists with at least master's degrees (one anthropologist and one regional specialist), and six lower-level data analysts (some of whom are Iraqi or Afghan citizens hired in part for their language skills).
Of those nine people, the idea is to have a roughly equal split between military personnel and civilian contractors. Almost all of the social scientists recruited so far have been civilians.
Some of the program's social scientists have chosen to keep a low profile. Most notably, the lead anthropologist on Mr. Damon's team has been identified publicly only as "Tracy" — and she did not attend the Kansas workshop.
Others, however, have publicly promoted their work. Marcus B. Griffin, an anthropologist at Christopher Newport University who is serving in Iraq, maintains a blog with near-daily updates on his activities. He has also written an essay for this week's issue of The Chronicle Review.
Liam D. Murphy, an associate professor of anthropology at California State University at Sacramento, has not served on a Human Terrain Team, but he has traveled to Fort Leavenworth three times to train program participants in ethnographic techniques. He says he can understand young scholars' reluctance to publicize their participation because he believes the anthropology association's disapproval will stigmatize people coming up for tenure.
Mr. Murphy says many of the ethical concerns about the program are real and serious, but he believes it is a mistake for scholars to hold the program at arm's length. "As I've learned more about what the Human Terrain System is intended to do, I've become persuaded that it's worth exploring," he says. He adds that he is prepared to act "as a whistle-blower" if he ever detects serious problems.
Dissidents in the Ranks
When his team first arrived in Afghanistan, Mr. Damon says, they spent several weeks on a base near Khost, working alongside local civilian employees who drive trucks, wash laundry, and perform manual labor. "I would just get up in the morning and embed with one of these workers," he says. "I would grab a scythe and go down and cut wheat with them, or work in the apple orchard, or sit in the back of their truck, and just talk with them. This is how we built these relationships."
Among other things, Mr. Damon recalls, he and his colleagues discovered seething resentment about the security measures that the workers faced when they entered and left the base each day. The workers would sometimes receive gifts of chocolate from Americans during the day, only to see them confiscated when they left the base.
"If we don't start looking at how we treat people at the center of these concentric circles of relationships," Mr. Damon says, "how are we going to expect people to trust us as we move farther away from our bases?"
In a variety of ways, Mr. Damon and his teammates clearly view themselves as dissidents within the culture of the military. During the Kansas conference, Maj. Robert Fulton Holbert, an Army reservist who served with Mr. Damon in Afghanistan, said it took three months for their Human Terrain Team to gain the trust of the brigade where they served. The human-terrain concept, Major Holbert said, "is something that the Army should have embraced 15 years ago." It is still much too common, he said, for the Army to move into an area "like a blunderbuss" with no concern for local sensitivities.
Felix Moos, a 78-year-old professor of anthropology at Kansas who has trained several human-terrain participants, passionately supports the program. He has roughly a dozen different ways of saying "A better-educated military will kill fewer people, not more." In conversation, however, Mr. Moos lapses every five minutes or so into severe criticism of the military. He believes the U.S. poppy-eradication program in Afghanistan is idiotic; he says it is insane that the Army hasn't invested more resources in building officers' language skills; he deplores the fact that the human-terrain program is run through private contractors.
Some observers say the human-terrain program is not as distinct from mainstream military culture as its proponents like to suggest. In an essay in the November 26 issue of The Weekly Standard, the journalist Ann Marlowe argued that the news media have given the human-terrain program undue credit for what is actually: an Armywide shift toward better counterinsurgency tactics. Throughout Afghanistan, she wrote, Army units are interacting more effectively with the local population, and they haven't needed fancy anthropological knowledge in order to do so.
A converse point was made earlier this year by one of the program's left-wing critics. Roberto J. González, an associate professor of anthropology at San Jose State University, acknowledged in an essay in Anthropology Today that the Human Terrain System's soft methods "are apparently anathema to many in the Pentagon." But despite those cultural conflicts within the Department of Defense, Mr. González argued, the human-terrain teams should not deceive themselves that their work is actually progressive. Instead, he wrote, they are scholarly imperialists "seeking particular forms of cultural knowledge that might facilitate indirect rule over foreign lands."
Ethnography or Banality?
Mr. Damon and his colleagues insist, however, that their work in Afghanistan has helped to save lives. Major Holbert cites an official estimate that the 82nd Airborne Division, in which his team was embedded in southeast Afghanistan, reduced its "kinetic operations" — that is, operations that require direct military force — by 60 percent after the Human Terrain Team arrived.
Nothing in the team's work, Mr. Damon says, had to do with selecting targets for military action. If the brigade leader requested a line of research that appeared to deal with targeting, he says, the team would refuse to take it, telling the commander to send the request instead to his intelligence division. "What we would do," Mr. Damon says, "is offer advice about the potential second- and third-order effects of a proposed operation in a village."
During the Kansas conference, Major Holbert offered an example. "There was a particular village that was going to be searched," he said. "And the platoon leaders were planning to go in there at about 3 or 4 in the morning. On a Friday morning. … And Britt and I pointed out that that really wasn't a good idea. Searching these homes on a Friday morning before morning prayer. If this village was hovering between red and blue" — that is, between supporting the Taliban and supporting the Kabul government — "this would definitely push it over onto the red side."
The Human Terrain Team persuaded the brigade instead to approach the town's leader in daylight and to explain why the search was necessary. "Humility and respect go a long way," Major Holbert said.
Many of the interventions described by Mr. Damon and his colleagues — don't confiscate chocolate, don't raid homes before dawn on a Friday — seem common-sensical and obvious. Indeed, one frequent criticism of the program, from both conservatives like Ms. Marlowe and leftists like Mr. González, is that its insights are generally banal. What about the program requires someone with a deep knowledge of ethnographic techniques?
In the dull, brick building where the Human Terrain System is headquartered at Fort Leavenworth, across the street from the fort's famous prison barracks, James K. Greer, the program's deputy manager, offers an answer to that question. The Human Terrain Teams, he says, are slowly compiling detailed ethnographic histories of the areas where they operate. In a cumulative, hard-to-quantify way, he says, those ethnographies will eventually help brigade leaders make better decisions.
The Baghdad neighborhood of Sadr City, Mr. Greer says, "looks absolutely rectangular if you look at it on a map. But if you were to draw a picture of the tribal relationships within Sadr City, it looks very different. You start to see different fault lines. … What we're trying to understand is, Where are the different tribes in Sadr City and how do they interact with the formal government and all the other formal things that we're trying to do — investments in electricity and water and sewage and schools and all the rest of that?"
At the Kansas conference, an official with the Center for Army Lessons Learned offered a different analysis: Some of the Human Terrain Teams' advice about local customs might seem banal, he said, but a culturally insensitive brigade commander is more likely to heed the advice of a credentialed social scientist than that of a 19-year-old civil-affairs soldier who might make the same point.
Getting to 'Yes'
The element of the Human Terrain System that is most worrisome to academic anthropologists — even those who are generally open to advising the military — is the question of informed consent. No formal institutional review board supervises the social-scientific research conducted by the civilian anthropologists in the program. The program's leaders have said that because the work consists of "interview procedures or observation of public behavior," it falls outside the federal statute on human-subjects protection. But several critics have disputed that assertion, and the matter is reportedly being reviewed by the Pentagon's lawyers.
David M. Hann, coordinator of the human-subjects committee at Kansas, writes in an e-mail message to The Chronicle that he believes the program should be reviewed by an independent federal board, perhaps at the National Institutes of Health.
"Allowing the Department of Defense to decide for itself whether its own research plans need review," Mr. Hann writes, "would be a built-in conflict of interest, much like if departments within a university or hospital were allowed to decide the same question themselves, rather than submit their research protocol to their university's IRB to decide that question."
Despite the lack of a review board, Mr. Damon says he obtained written consent from everyone he interviewed, even if it took several conversations to explain the concept of anthropology. "The best way I could get that across," he says, "was to tell them that I'm there to learn about their culture. They're my teacher and I'm their student, and I want to know what they think and how they feel." He says he told his informants that "we are going to be using them in a published study to the military commanders, but that we'll never reveal who we specifically got the information from."
At this week's anthropology conference, much of the debate will concern how the Army uses the data compiled by Human Terrain Teams. That question probably cannot be fully answered for at least another year, as more teams arrive in Iraq and Afghanistan.
In the meantime, Kansas' Mr. Moos urges his colleagues to give the program the benefit of the doubt. "To defeat any insurgency," he says, "you have to separate the population from the insurgents. If you win enough of the population, they will help you defeat the insurgency. So the real purpose of all of this is, How do you convince the people to come over to your thinking, or at least to approximate your thinking?" Only social scientists, he says, can give the military the knowledge it needs to complete that task with a minimum of violence.
Many anthropologists, however, are horrified by the thought of manipulating a local culture in the way Mr. Moos proposes, especially when the coercive force of the Army is involved. "Anthropologists on the ground with military operations, whether they're in civilian or military dress, is just over the line," says Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, a professor of anthropology at Rhode Island College and the former chair of the anthropology association's ethics committee. "That's just not what we do. At the very least, call it something else. Call it open-source intelligence. This is not something that we comfortably recognize as anthropology."
For his part, Mr. Damon hopes that he will still be working with the program a decade from now. "I truly feel that this is a necessary part of the military," he says. "If we can understand this sort of information even before a conflict begins, then we've really gotten somewhere."
SURVEYING THE HUMAN TERRAIN
The U.S. Army's Human Terrain System is designed to bring social-science insights to military commanders in Iraq and Afghanistan. Here's a look at the program:
Created: 2006
Annual budget: $40-million
Human Terrain Teams
Consist of 9 people:
A team leader with extensive military experience
2 social scientists (1 anthropologist and 1 regional specialist)
6 research analysts
Current deployment of Human Terrain Teams
5 in Iraq, 1 in Afghanistan
Planned full deployment of Human Terrain Teams (by July 2008)
22 in Iraq, 4 in Afghanistan
________________________________________
http://chronicle.com
Section: Research & Publishing
Volume 54, Issue 14, Page A1
ABQ John wrote:
It's the Friday after Thanksgiving where America gets up early to rush to the stores to buy dangerously unsafe Chinese goods to exchange with each other in a month on Christmas Day. How many Americans were up half the night planning this early morning strategy? Sadly, it was probably more than half of America.
After all, this is the Bush Administration meme: "To Hell With the War in Iraq, America Just Go Shopping.” It's what America has become:where we don't know and don't care how or when we are going to pay for what we've done. Live for today and worry about it tomorrow. Here in New Mexico we call it "Manana" - just worry about it later.
Hey, I love shopping, too. But I am not a big fan of throwing money away. I want to see value for my money because I work too damn hard to get my money. And I just don't see the value in illegal occupations of sovereign, foreign nations.
I guess I'm not "down with the GWOT.” This so-called "Global War on Terror despite all its good intentions, it is being mishandled so severely that it now has no substance to it. This administration declares the GWOT to be a noble thing such as the war on poverty, the war on drugs, or the war on crime. I know it's hard to believe that this administration would have anything but good intentions but it is turning America into a crime-ridden, drug-using impoverished state. Because there is no "Global War on Terror" and the Bush administration knows it. So why are we in Iraq? The only war there is a civil war and our American troops are in the middle of it. Our presence there is an illegal occupation of a sovereign nation. There is no winner in an occupation: only occupation or not. Same in Afghanistan where the question arises again: Why are we there? Poppy production continues to grow at break-neck speed: each year's harvest is better than the last. So why does this administration commit billions of dollars and the resources of the greatest military on the planet to these areas?
The answer is simple: Some in this administration are not waiting for manana. They are amassing their fortunes today while the opportunities are the low lying fruit and are ripe for the picking. If you criticize these folks, you are labeled a troop hater. If you don't give in to their extortion practices, you are not supporting the troops. Never mind the total cost of this Middle Eastern folly to be over 2 Trillion dollars. And just forget the missing pallets of billions of cash dollars missing and unaccounted for. Halliburton, Blackwater and the oil companies' profits have reached unseen gains. And the presidents and CEO's of these companies get million-dollar bonuses while America doesn't know how it's going to pay for heating oil and gasoline. I can remember someone saying "It's my job to worry about it. It's your job to go about your business." Wow - what a pearl of wisdom rolling off the lips of "the decider.”
On this Black Friday, let's keep one thing in mind America: nothing to see here - move along now. And dammit - Buy Something !
Today, like so many of you, I am scrambling to get things done before I go join the family functions. It seems but a short time since the rancor of the 2004 election when politics divided coworkers as well as family.
So as I head out and try to restrain myself from talking politics, these are the headlines that I will avoid bringing up:
- All the President's Liars
- Dodd: Investigate the President
- Kucinich: Impeach the President
- The U.S. Military is demanding that thousands of wounded service personnel give back signing bonuses because they are unable to serve out their commitments.
- Oh...and lest I forget...I will not be bringing up any of this either.
So what's on your discussion list tomorrow?
Daniel Ellsberg Says Sibel Edmonds Case 'Far More Explosive Than Pentagon Papers' yet our media has betrayed us again.
Ellsberg said, "From what I understand, from what she has to tell, it has a major difference from the Pentagon Papers in that it deals directly with criminal activity and may involve impeachable offenses...And I don't necessarily mean the President or the Vice-President, though I wouldn't be surprised if the information reached up that high. But other members of the Executive Branch may be impeached as well. And she says similar about Congress."
Under threat of violating our National Security , the U.S. corporate media, the same media that outed a covert spy and followed our tanks into Baghdad, remain as quiet as Sibel Edmonds with her gag order.
Now we know why we were suppose to buy all that ducttape since 9-11. Apparently it takes a lot of ducttape to silence the media and the whistleblowers!
Get out your pencils and start making your shopping list. From our friends at Cracked, here are the 25 most baffling (and bizarre and pretty darn funny) toys from around the world.
Please feel free to share your favorites with us. #24 made me seriously made me wonder exactly what's up in Russia these days, I'd seen #23 three years ago on sale in a catalogue and pointed it out to my husband as a sign of the times, and I imagine both #3 and #2 will be on sale at Little Green Footballs Fox Porn News website any time now.
Howzabout you?
They say we can't impeach.
They say it would take too much time.
They say it prevents Congress from getting the peoples' work done.
They say if they impeach, then they can not end the war.
But only a few dare say that impeaching Cheney and Bush would be a partisan disagreement.
And so, the machine goes on....
The legislation, passed 218-203, was largely a symbolic jab at Bush, who already has begun reducing force levels but opposes a congressionally mandated timetable on the war.
The legislation, narrowly approved by 218 to 203 votes last night, was largely a symbolic move as the military "surge" that began in February has already begun winding down. Moreover, the Senate, where Democrats barely have a majority, is unlikely to pass the measure and lacks the votes to overcome a presidential veto.
The White House dismissed last night's vote as political posturing but Democrats said they needed to show their supporters they were still holding the president to account.
Looks like the Conservative and the "liberal press" both agree.
The final vote may have been 218-203 but both sides of the aisle wants to proclaim it "their victory."
Isn't it great that they found a way to let both sides win? But now we have the Senate to work on next so that they can come out with their 'symbolic' victory.
Getting the troops home will be a victory for the troops and it won't be "symbolic" to them. So let's get movin' on this.
still...!!!
As I mentioned yesterday, today marked the first Veterans Day Peace Vigil to happen in my small town since 2004 when the peace activists were intimidated by the pro-war activists in this town.
I want to share with you what happened today at our vigil.
The day didn't start out very well. It was 35 degrees outside, wet, and bitterly-cold, and yet we still had approximately twenty dedicated souls join us out on main street advocating an end to the war.
I have to be truthful here. I admit, I wanted to remain at home curled by the fireplace--nice and cozy in my comfort zone, but I resisted that temptation and instead bundled up in four layers and drove out to our town's Gazebo. I shivered for the next hour as I stood there in support of our peace mission and I observed the flow of the world around us. (Yes, it was hard work!)
November 11th is Veterans Day. Veterans Day is the day we thank veterans for their service to our country and acknowledge that their contributions and service are appreciated. We honor all who served - not only those who died - and we honor those who have sacrificed and done their duty.
Veterans Day is also celebrated on the same day as Armistice Day or Remembrance Day and it falls on the anniversary of the signing of the Armistice that ended World War I--the day that major hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 with the German signing of the Armistice.
So given the history of Veterans Day, does it dishonor Veterans when anti-war activists march in parades or protest?
This moment in time reminds me of half-time at a football game when both teams go back to the locker room and regroup for the next half of the game. Tuesday, Dennis Kucinich walked into the House and offered his bill for impeachment and suddenly it's a whole new ballgame.
As a result, "Impeachment hearings are looking like a strong possibility," according to Dave Lindorff, journalist and the author of The Case for Impeachment.
Of course to most of us, this isn't a game. But unfortunately, our Congressmen and women more often behave as if politics is a game for their own personal gain instead of a service for the well-being of the country, so they often refuse to take a direct stand.
So now it's half-time in Congress and the Democrats and Republicans are wondering what to do next and wondering how to regroup after the last minute "Hail Mary" pass by Dennis Kucinich. Each side only wants to win in the end.
Let's hope that We the People win in the end.
Investigate, Impeach, and Indict!!!
The National Lawyers Guild passed an Impeachment Resolution against George W. Bush and Dick Cheney (PDF-warning or view the html at afterdowningstreet.org)
Tuesday, Dennis Kucinich will bring impeachment to the floor of the House. So, our country is finally going to get to hear arguments on impeachment. What can we do to make sure that justice prevails?
Today's open thread will begin with a heartfelt welcome back and wishes for an extra speedy recovery to our dear Woz. Woz, we are thrilled that you have free health-care with very qualified doctors. In your time of sickness, I'm sure it's a tremendous burden off your mind that you don't need to worry about how you will pay the hospital bills later.
I know, Woz, how you worry about those of us who don't have the same free-health-care as you do.
But worry no more, Woz, because we Americans now have a better opportunity. Thanks to the grand thinking of Visa and Highmark, our health care insurance worries will soon be over, and their offer comes with the added bonus of spreading Holiday cheer. Who can beat that?
Look at the deal they've given us.
We can now purchase our Visa Healthcare Gift Card with all the benefits shown below: (Hattip to nyceve at Daily Kos)
The Healthcare Gift Card can be used for a variety of medical expenses anywhere approved merchants or service providers accept Visa debit cards. Receivers of the Gift Card can use it to help pay for a variety of costs including co-pays at doctor's offices, dentists and pharmacies or for vision care, dental care, health club memberships and elective procedures.
Use it for: Chiropractors, Dentists, Optometrists, Contact Lenses, Doctors, Drug Stores, Health Practitioners, Health Spas, Health Clubs and Memberships, Hospitals, Medical Laboratories, Nursing Facilities, Ophthalmologists, Opticians, Orthodontists, Personal Care Facilities, Pharmacies, Podiatrists, Ambulance Services, Counseling Services, Dental Equipment and Supplies, Prescriptions, Eyeglasses, Hearing Aids, and Medical Services.
The good news is that in twenty-five dollar or fifty dollar increments you can send health care security to those you love. And these generous gifts may be applied anywhere Visa is taken.
Where can I use the card?
The card can be used anywhere approved merchants or service providers accept Visa debit cards. Please see the list below of approved health care related services and providers. If you have a question about whether the card may be used for health expenses or a particular service or product, please call customer service at 1-866-466-8019, between 7 AM and 4 PM PST, Monday – Friday.Ambulance Services
Artificial Limb Services
Chiropodists
Chiropractors
Counseling Services
Crematories
Dental Equipment and Supplies
Dental Laboratories
Dentists
Discount Stores like Target or Wal-Mart
Doctors
Drugs
Drug Proprietaries
Druggist Sundries
Drug Stores
Eyeglasses
Health Insurance
Health Practitioners
Health Spas
Hearing Aids - sales, service and supply stores
Hospitals
Medical Laboratories
Medical Services
Membership (Athletic, Recreation, Sports Clubs)
Nursing Facilities
Ophthalmologists
Opticians
Optical Goods
Optometrists
Orthodontists
Orthopedic Goods
Osteopathic Physicians
Personal Care Facilities
Personal Counseling Services
Pharmacies
Podiatrists
Supermarkets
Wholesale Clubs
As this holiday season arrives, will you be buying these cards for your loved ones or will you be calling Congress to support Universal Health care insurance for all Americans? What do you think we should do, Woz?
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